Antidiabetic Effect, Antioxidant Potency, Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Shrub Cananga, Javanese Cananga and Ylang-ylang and its Correlation with Chemometrics

Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. and Thomson (CO) is a good source of bioactive phytochemicals including phenolics, flavonoids, and saponins contributing to some biological activities needed for human health such as antidiabetic and antioxidant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Cananga odorata forma fruticosa (shrub Cananga), Cananga odorata forma macrophylla (Javanese Cananga), and Cananga odorata forma genuina (ylang-ylang) and its association with flavonoid and phenolics levels. The ethanolic extracts of CO leaves were subjected to the antidiabetic activities through the inhibitions of dipeptidyl peptidase 4(DPP-4) and α-glucosidase enzymes, while antioxidant activities were evaluated using 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric reducing activity power (FRAP) methods. The levels of total phenolics and flavonoid contents were determined spectrophotometrically and correlated with the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. The study showed that among three forma, Javanese Cananga exhibited the strongest inhibition activities toward α-glucosidase and DPP-4 enzymes, nonetheless, the results were lesser compared to the activities of positive controls of acarbose and sitagliptin. This forma has also revealed the highest antioxidant activities with IC₅₀ of DPPH radical assay and FRAP value of 47.93±0.99μg/mL and 724.30±5.38, respectively. Loading plot of principle component analysis results demonstrate a positive association between phenolic content, DPPH, FRAP, DPP-4, and α-glucosidase of shrub Cananga, Javanese Cananga, and ylang-ylang. The study’s findings highlighted the most prominent antidiabetic and antioxidant activity, together with the phenolic and flavonoid levels in Javanese Cananga rather than ylang-ylang and shrub Cananga. Hence, CO leaves extract of three forma can potentially be used as an antioxidants and anti-diabetic agent to avert and regulate oxidative stress and glucose levels.