Nanotechnology: The Future of Targeted Drug Delivery and Controlled Drug Delivery in Pharmaceutics

Nanotechnology is a rapidly advancing interdisciplinary domain that encompasses the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of materials and devices at the nanoscale, typically within the range of 1–100 nm. This field has significantly transformed numerous scientific and industrial sectors, including medicine, electronics, energy, and environmental sciences. In the pharmaceutical sciences, nanotechnology has become a cornerstone for developing innovative drug delivery systems such as nanosuspensions, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, and nanogels. These nano-based platforms enhance drug solubility, improve bioavailability, and enable precise and targeted delivery. The present review provides an in-depth understanding of the fundamental concepts of nanotechnology, various classes of nanoparticles, and their broad applications in pharmaceutics. It further outlines recent progress in nanotechnology-enabled drug delivery systems, with an emphasis on targeting mechanisms and their therapeutic applications in cancer, neurological disorders, and infectious diseases. Overall, nanotechnology continues to hold immense promise in redefining the future of pharmaceutical science by supporting the development of more effective, precise, and personalized therapeutic strategies.