1Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
*Email: jayalakshmi@cutn.ac.in (corresponding author):
Online published on 26 February, 2026.
The global vector borne diseases (VBDs) that cause public health problems such as malaria, dengue, ZIKA, Chikungunya, and Japanese Encephalitis. These diseases are not transmitted from human to human directly and they require a vector to be transmitted. When the suitable conditions are met between a vector, host and environment these diseases are transmitted effectively. Vector borne disease are very much spreading faster in the world in the recent years due to climate change, international trade, urbanization, cutting of trees etc. and they become a threat to human health. WHO has reported that in 2020 there were 6,27,000 malaria deaths worldwide and 241 million malaria cases. No effective vaccines or drugs are available for most of the vector borne diseases as for example in case of malaria parasite they change the morphology many times with different antigens in the life cycle. As there is no treatment for these VBDs the only option is the implementation of vector control measures. WHO in 2017 published that in Africa alone due to the vector control measures there was a control of VBDS for example 663 million malaria cases were averted. For controlling many VBDs the pesticides and insect growth regulators are in use.
Vector borne diseases, ZnO nano-particles (ZnO NPs), Metal oxide nano-particles, Nano-fertilizers, Nano-pesticides, Insecticides resistant, Status of malaria, Dengue, Mechanism of action, Efficassy formulations, Synthesis, Copper pesticides, Fish, Scale essential oil, Environmental impact phytotoxicity, Challenges
