Evaluation of physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of dairy Cow, Goat and Buffalo urine in two different seasons in a sub-tropical region of India

The present study was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical and anti-oxidative properties of cow, buffalo and goat urine samples in two different successive seasons (summer and winter). For the physicochemical study, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) was measured and for the antioxidant properties, FRAP, DPPH and ABTS level was evaluated by standard methods. The data set were executed through the independent ‘t’ test by using IBM SPSS software version 22.0. The results showed that the EC level in all the (except cow) was significantly (p<0.5) lower in the winter season than in the summer season. TDS level in buffalo was significantly (p<0.5) lower in the winter season than the summer season but significantly higher in the winter season of the goat urine sample. In the case of antioxidant markers, FRAP and DPPH levels were significantly (p<0.5) higher in the summer season in all the animals, but there were no significant changes in the case of ABTS in all the animal's urine samples. From these results, it is concluded that in the study area, the stress in the summer season as heat stress prevails in dairy cows, buffalo and goats. From the overall findings, it may be concluded that urine could be a good biomarker to evaluate the status of livestock health.